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SHIELD

e-Learning Portal, a Zambian Ministry of General Education website offering core-subject courses for grades 7 to 12 for a fee, was detected by HRW sending its students’ personal data to PushEngage, a company that markets push notification services as a way to increase revenue from each visitor, and to Tawk.to, a live chat service whose chat function was neither visible nor available on the site. HRW’s table lists it as having no privacy policy. The Zambian government, e-Learning Portal and PushEngage did not respond to HRW, and Tawk.to did not acknowledge the finding.