FARO stands for Frontline Record of Online Harms. Technology-related harm usually reaches the public one case at a time: a school in one country, a family in another, each easy to treat as an exception. This directory puts those cases side by side to help grassroots actors see where others face the same issues they do, and to help governments and regulators see the bigger picture of the harms occurring. The directory describes what its records contain. It does not measure how often these harms occur, and a country with few records may simply have little published about it.
How to use this directory: Topics are filterable for FARO reports that have already been created based on these incidents. The harms and response patterns shown are those featured there. To see the incidents used in a country-specific report, choose that country under Country report. Pick a pattern or evidence type to see on the map which countries have matching records. Click a country on the map or in the list to see its records below. Use the filter to search for keywords or specific sources.
Shaded countries have at least one record. Choose a pattern to see where it appears.
At least one matching recordNo matching recordSelected country
Shading shows only that a country has at least one record in this directory that matches your selection, and every shaded country looks the same on purpose. It says nothing about how often these harms occur there. Pattern filters only cover records classified so far, and small countries are easy to miss on a map, so use the list as well.
A male freelance data worker in Kenya lost access to his accumulated earnings when his account was permanently closed by his crowdsourcing platform and his funds were frozen by the platform's associated payment processor. Consequently, he was left with no funds to pay for his sick child's medical bills.
A female freelance data worker in Kenya had her earnings taken away when her crowdsourcing platform closed her account and its connected payment processor froze her funds. This loss of income completely wiped out the savings she had been actively building up to support her newborn baby.
A freelance data worker in Kenya lost access to his earnings and had his account permanently closed when the crowdsourcing platform he worked for shut down operations and its associated digital payment processor froze his funds. As a result of this sudden loss of income, he was unable to pay his rent, was forced to seek shelter with a friend, and had to rely on others to survive.
Kenya
Gig workers pay locked
SHIELD Interview
Data Labelers Association
22/10/2026
Workers were required to use platform-selected payout methods instead of preferred local options.
An educator working as an AI trainer on a data annotation platform had their account deactivated without explanation or warning. As a result of this sudden deactivation, the platform withheld $2,869 in completed work and did not respond to the worker's support inquiries.
A 22-year-old dental student in Kerala, India, died by suicide after being subjected to mental harassment, threats, and intimidation by operators of an online loan app. The platform's operators used high-pressure recovery tactics regarding a loan of 15,000 rupees at an exorbitant interest rate. The local police subsequently registered a case of extortion and digital harassment against the online loan app.
A designer based in Quezon City spent 60 hours working on 12 design contests on a creative freelancing platform. After winning only one contest for $500 and paying the platform's fees, the designer netted $350, resulting in low hourly compensation and significant unpaid work.
In January 2022, a mother in Karnataka, India, received a phone call from a Byju's sales executive who identified her by her six-year-old child's name and spoke in the family's local language. The mother expressed that the call was highly distressing and made her worry for her child's safety, noting she had no knowledge of how the company acquired her or her child's personal details.
Education Week reported on Common Sense Media's first large-scale, demographically representative survey of US teen pornography use, which found meaningful rates of viewing during the school day and specifically on school-issued devices. The article also cites EdWeek Research Center data on the rapid growth of 1:1 school-issued device programs, particularly accelerated by pandemic-era remote learning, as context for why this exposure pathway has grown. This is a research-synthesis article rather than a single incident, aggregating survey data with practitioner commentary from school technology officers.
A parent reported that her 4th-grade female student accessed explicit content while using a school-issued iPad in a classroom at an elementary school. The parent stated that the devices, intended for lessons, were left accessible enough that a child could reach explicit material without deliberate searching. The school principal responded to the parent's concerns, though the school district's specific remediation steps are not detailed in available coverage.
An adult male employee opened a wallet account to receive his salary, which his company successfully paid. The wallet platform then blocked his account, preventing him from logging in and accessing his salary. Customer support replied only with an automated response.
During a police presentation on sexual assault and consent to Grade 10 students at a high school in Quebec, Canada, an incorrect file containing explicit adult content was opened on the officer's laptop and projected, lasting a few seconds according to testimonies cited by police. The school board notified parents and offered support services to students. Police called it an isolated error and said officers would get dedicated pre-configured laptops.
A minor male student at a school in Italy had his private medical information regarding a positive COVID-19 test exposed to his classmates and their parents. A teacher at the school sent the notification and the official public health document containing the minor's identity via the school's electronic register. The incident led the student's father to file a formal complaint with the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante), which subsequently investigated and issued an official warning to the school for unlawful data communication.
Five minor students running for their high school's student council had their full names and national identity card (DNI) numbers exposed online after another student photographed their election ballots and uploaded the image to Instagram. The ballots had been incorrectly generated with the DNI numbers by a regional school management system. The unauthorized post was shared with approximately 250 people before the school intervened and coordinated with the platform to have the image removed.
An administrative assistant at a high school in Italy made a selection error on the school's electronic registry portal, accidentally publishing a confidential meeting notice to all parents of a class instead of only the target student's parents. As a result, the female student's sensitive personal and health-related data, including her special education status and references to her Individualized Education Plan (PEI), were exposed to the families of all her classmates for several days. Following an investigation, the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante Privacy) formally admonished the school for the unauthorized disclosure of health data.
An adult high school teacher's name, detailed work hours, schedule, and absence records were publicly exposed on a school administration platform without password protection by their employer. The teacher complained that the public availability of their detailed schedule created a safety risk by allowing anyone to know when they would be away from home, potentially exposing them to burglaries. The Danish Data Protection Authority ruled on the complaint, finding that the school's interest in publishing the schedule was legitimate under the applicable data protection laws.
Employees at a First Nations school were subjected to a facial recognition monitoring system. Teachers reported concerns regarding biometric privacy data storage practices and accuracy problems and requested suspension of the system.
Parents, speaking through a parent class representative, objected that they were told two weeks before term ended that staying in the digital classroom section required buying an iPad at about EUR 600, on top of EUR 300 to 400 for books. The school head defended the Apple choice as hard for students to modify during tests, and said families could move to the traditional section or change schools. The article says the school appeared to intend co-funding tablets for students in difficulty.
United States
Technology in Education
SHIELD Interview
SHIELD - APS, Italy
17/10/2026
A parent reported inability to opt out of school digital systems without educational consequences. This is a personal interview. Source available to SHIELD.
A 17-year-old female student with learning difficulties was drugged and sexually assaulted by two of her schoolmates, who recorded the act on video. After the video went viral on social media platforms, the school administration expelled the victim along with the perpetrators, causing her severe emotional distress and isolation.
School officials demanded that a female student surrender her Facebook login credentials during a disciplinary matter, forcing her to grant access to her private communications and digital social life. The student filed a lawsuit against the school district, which resulted in a settlement and changes to school policies.
A first-grade student was shown frightening horror-themed videos on YouTube during free choice time in class on a school-issued tablet. As a result of watching the videos, the child developed persistent nightmares, prompting their parent to intervene with the school administration.
A mother reported that her 11-year-old son, a special-education student, was repeatedly shown pornography on a school iPad by older students during recess over a period of roughly three months in 2015. She said her son was threatened by an older student not to disclose what was happening, and that a school staff member reacted dismissively after he eventually reported it. The family filed a lawsuit against the school district seeking damages, alleging the district failed to adequately supervise students' iPad use and did not respond appropriately once the behavior was reported. The mother stated she believes other students were also exposed to pornography on school-issued iPads.
A group of 34 freelance data annotators in the Philippines reported experiencing delayed, reduced, or cancelled payments after completing tasks on an artificial intelligence data annotation platform. The platform's operators routinely withheld or delayed earnings without explanation or recourse, leaving many of these workers earning well below the daily minimum wage.
In 2023, a female freelance graphic designer based in Imo State, Nigeria, was unable to access her freelance earnings after her account on a digital payment platform was locked. The platform prevented her from withdrawing her funds for six months, causing her severe financial strain during her national youth service.
A 23-year-old female freelance worker was paid only 30 cents for completing four hours of work on an online data annotation platform. She experienced earnings far below the local minimum wage due to the platform's payment practices.
Worker P7 completed a job that turned out to be a university assignment (he was not aware of it when doing the assignment) and lost USD 45 after being banned for completing a banned type of task.
A virtual assistant based in the Philippines spent ₱800 on a freelancing platform's bidding system and applied to 40 jobs over the course of a month. After securing only one $200 project and paying the platform's commission fees, they netted only $160, resulting in a low financial return for a month of aggressive bidding.
A freelancer says the project team delayed updating invoices on a project last year, and that after the platform moved to a new system it refused to pay their pending invoice and told them to fix their payout account. They say that is done and they need a link to reattach it. The platform replied on 25 April that someone would reach out, and on 28 April the complainant said it had helped them link the account and promised payment by 30 April.
A freelancer who worked for the platform for several months says their account was abruptly suspended and that they were not paid for the final project they completed. They ask for payment for the work done before the suspension and an explanation of the suspension. The amount is not stated. BBB lists the complaint as Unanswered by the business.
A freelancer says the project team delayed updating the invoice section on a project last year, so they could not submit their invoice, and that they were later told they would not be paid and should fix their payout account. They say the payout account problem is solved and they need access to reconnect it and submit the invoice. The platform replied on 25 April that someone would reach out, and BBB lists the complaint as Resolved after the complainant said that response was satisfactory.
A freelancer says they worked on 8 November with payment due the following week, and about six weeks later their emails are ignored and no payment has been made. The amount is not stated. BBB lists the complaint as Unanswered by the business.
A freelancer working since 2020 says 28 tasks have gone unpaid for over a month and that the assigned quality managers do not respond. They describe the work as their only income. The amount is not stated. BBB lists the complaint as Unanswered by the business.
A Nigerian data analyst had her account restricted after receiving a payment of $380 from an international client. Despite completing all required documentation, the payment platform placed a multi-week hold on her funds, preventing her from accessing her earnings. The restriction occurred shortly after she linked her local digital wallet to the international payment service.
A self-employed worker whose client uses the platform says the platform shut down their account with no specific reason and threatened to hold the money they had earned. They ask for the funds to be released and for an explanation, and say it is their main source of income. BBB lists the complaint as Unanswered by the business.
An adult male freelancer reported receiving a 2,200 euro payment from a client, after which the digital wallet platform immediately limited his virtual account. Support informed him that the funds were frozen for 180 days without a specific reason, and his account was subsequently blocked, preventing him from logging in.
A graphic designer who earns through freelancing says a payment platform held his money for 180 days. He says he almost lost all his freelancing earnings and felt mentally drained. He then moved to a different payment platform.
An adult male freelancer reports that a payment platform has held funds from a client’s transfer for more than 15 days. He states that he supplied an invoice, a work agreement, and proof of transfer, was then asked for documents regarding an account he does not own, and support stopped responding. The money remains unavailable.
A reviewer says her business verification questionnaire has sat under review for 6 weeks. She says the account is blocked from receiving payments, which holds both the funds she earned before issuing a payment request and later earnings. Support gave conflicting template replies and she filed an escalation complaint.
According to the FTC complaint, Edmodo collected names, email addresses, dates of birth, phone numbers and persistent identifiers from students under 13 without verifiable parental consent, used the data for advertising, and retained it indefinitely until at least 2020. Edmodo stopped operating in the US around September 2022 during the investigation. The stipulated order carries a $6 million penalty suspended for inability to pay and binds the company if it resumes US operations, including a retention and deletion schedule.
Kenya
Gig workers pay locked
SHIELD Interview
Data Labelers Association
22/10/2026
A data worker upgraded to a trainer role had funds locked for about 60 days until an appeal about the source of the higher income than usual succeeded.
In 2021, the Bavarian State Criminal Police Office (BLKA) launched a statewide prevention campaign addressing illegal and harmful content on students' smartphones. Officials stated that pornography, violence videos, and other problematic content were being encountered and shared by children and adolescents online and in student chat groups. The campaign was developed in response to police observations and increasing criminal cases involving the distribution of pornography, which Bavarian police reported had risen substantially in 2020. The source does not describe a single documented school incident, specific device-filtering failure, or identified school, but constitutes an official law-enforcement statement that the circulation of pornographic material on student smartphones and within youth communication channels was a recurring issue requiring preventive intervention.
Ghana's Minister for Education publicly expressed serious concern that some high school students are using government-issued tablets to access pornographic content. This is an official government statement rather than a single documented incident, and represents formal acknowledgment at the ministerial level of a pattern the ministry considers significant enough to raise publicly. No details on the scale, specific schools, or planned remediation are given in available coverage.
A teacher at a government middle school was arrested for allegedly showing an obscene video on a classroom screen and making vulgar gestures to female students (aged approximately 11-12 years old). The arrest followed a complaint by the father of one of the students, and a case was registered under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and the IPC.
In 2013, the Kenyan government launched an ambitious initiative to provide digital devices to young primary school students as part of a national digital literacy effort. However, the program faced major implementation challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to electricity, insufficient teacher training, lack of technical support, and schools unprepared to integrate the devices into learning. Reports indicated that some devices remained unused or stored away, and the project was ultimately discontinued after failing to achieve its intended impact.
About the records
Each record is a short summary of an incident described in a public source or collected through an interview by SHIELD or its partners. Records are reviewed by people before they appear here. Names and identifying details are removed: where a person appears, a role, age band and gender stand in for the name, and dates and places for minors are generalised. Every record links to its original source and shows the date that link was last checked. Records are classified with shared harm categories. The classification is SHIELD's own, so it can differ from how a source describes the incident.
Using the directory
You are welcome to read, link to and quote individual records with credit to FARO. Please do not copy, scrape or republish the dataset in bulk, or use it to train or test automated systems, without written permission. To ask for permission, use the SHIELD contact form. The original sources keep their own rights, and the link on each record leads to them.
How to cite
SHIELD-APS. Frontline Record of Online Harms (FARO). DIRECTORY-URL. Accessed [date]. To cite a particular selection, use the web address shown after you set the filters.
When you rely on the facts of an incident, cite the original source it links to. When you rely on the classification, the patterns or the country report, cite FARO. Please describe the records as documented incidents and do not present counts or country coverage as how often these harms happen. A country with few records may simply have little published about it.
Corrections and removals
If a record is wrong, a link no longer works, or you are described in a record and want it changed or removed, use the SHIELD contact form and include the title of the record. We review each request and update or remove the record where the request is justified.
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